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prize fellowship

  • 1 prize fellowship

    prize fellowship стипендия, назначенная за отличные успехи

    Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > prize fellowship

  • 2 prize-fellowship

    prize-fellowship[´praiz¸felouʃip] n стипендия за научноизследователска работа, дадена като награда.

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > prize-fellowship

  • 3 prize fellowship

    /prize fellowship/ * danh từ - giải xuất sắc (trong kỳ thi)

    English-Vietnamese dictionary > prize fellowship

  • 4 prize fellowship

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > prize fellowship

  • 5 prize fellowship

    x. (시험 성적이 탁워하 자에게 주는)특별 장학금

    English-Korean dictionary > prize fellowship

  • 6 prize fellowship

    стипендия

    Новый англо-русский словарь > prize fellowship

  • 7 prize

    Ⅰ
    prize [praɪz]
    1. n
    1) вы́игрыш; нахо́дка, неожи́данное сча́стье
    2) награ́да, приз, пре́мия;

    to win a prize получи́ть приз

    3) предме́т вожделе́ний; жела́нная добы́ча;

    the prizes of life бла́га жи́зни

    4) attr. премиро́ванный, удосто́енный пре́мии, награ́ды;

    prize poem стихотворе́ние, удосто́енное пре́мии

    ;

    prize fellowship стипе́ндия, назна́ченная за отли́чные успе́хи

    5) attr. прекра́сный, досто́йный награ́ды (тж. ирон.)
    2. v
    1) высоко́ цени́ть
    2) оце́нивать
    Ⅱ
    prize [praɪz] n
    мор.
    1) приз; трофе́й, захва́ченное су́дно или иму́щество;

    to become a prize (of) быть захва́ченным

    ;

    to make (a) prize of... захвати́ть...

    ;

    to place in prize рассма́тривать в ка́честве при́за

    2) attr. призово́й;

    prize proceeding призово́е судопроизво́дство

    ;

    naval prize law морско́е призово́е пра́во

    Ⅲ
    prize [praɪz] = prise

    Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > prize

  • 8 prize

    ̈ɪpraɪz I
    1. сущ.
    1) вознаграждение, награда, поощрение, премия, приз to award, give a prize ≈ награждать, вручать приз to distribute prizes ≈ выплачивать премию/вознаграждение to receive, win a prize ≈ получить премию, выиграть приз Nobel Prize ≈ Нобелевская премия At school I received several prizes for chemistry. ≈ В школе я получил несколько наград по химии. There is no prize for guessing who will be the next prime Minister. ≈ Нетрудно догадаться, кто будет следующим премьер-министром. booby prize ≈ приз "отстающего", утешительный приз( премия, которую в шутку дают тому, кто пришел последним к финишу, набрал меньше всего очков и т.п.) consolation prize ≈ утешительный приз Syn: reward, recompense
    2) выигрыш;
    удача Did you win a prize in the raffle? ≈ Ты выиграл в лотерею? Syn: winnings
    3) труднодостижимая цель;
    предмет вожделений;
    желанная добыча Three companies have been struggling to win the same prize - the TV franchise for the north-west. ≈ Три компании боролись за достижение одной цели - получить лицензию на телевещание в северо-западном регионе.
    4) перен. награда, привилегия;
    выгода, польза the prizes of life ≈ блага жизни Life has a prize for every one who will open his heart to receive it. ≈ Жизнь преподносит свою награду каждому, кто открывает свое сердце, чтобы получить ее.
    2. прил.
    1) призовой;
    премированный prize poem ≈ стихотворение, удостоенное премии prize marrow ≈ кабачок, получивший приз
    2) назначаемый в качестве премии или награды prize fellowship ≈ стипендия, назначенная за отличные успехи
    3) прекрасный, достойный награды тж. ирон.
    4) разг. типичный, настоящий, классический Which prize idiot forgot to lock the door? ≈ Что за идиот забыл запереть дверь?
    3. гл.
    1) высоко ценить, оценивать( по достоинству) Freedom is to be prized above riches. ≈ Свободу надо ценить превыше всего. Has she ever shown you her prized collection of antique clocks? ≈ Она тебе когда-нибудь показывала свою коллекцию антикварных часов, которую она очень ценит? Syn: award
    2) оценивать, производить оценку, устанавливать истинную цену II сущ.;
    мор. приз;
    захваченное судно/имущество;
    трофей прям. и перен.. to become a prize (of) ≈ быть захваченным to make (a) prize of ≈ захватить III
    1. сущ.
    1) рычаг
    2) действие рычага, подъем с помощью рычага Syn: leverage
    2. гл.
    1) поднимать, взламывать или передвигать посредством рычага (обыкн. prize open, prize up) Use this long bar to prize the lid off. ≈ Возьми эту длинный штырь и взломай крышку. The jewel boxes had been prized open. ≈ Ящик с бриллиантами был взломан. I prized the lid off with a spoon. ≈ Я поднял крышку, подсунув под нее ложку.
    2) перен. выбивать, получать с трудом. (информацию) The police had the greatest difficulty in prizing the truth out of the prisoner. ≈ Выбить из подсудимого правду стоило полиции титанических усилий. You'll have a hard time prizing any information out of him. ≈ Тебе придется потрудиться, чтобы выведать у него информацию. награда, премия;
    приз - the Nobel * Нобелевская премия - * list список награжденных /победителей/ - to win /to take/ a * получить приз /награду/ выигрыш (в лотерее, игре) - to draw the first * получить самый крупный выигрыш предмет желаний, вожделений - the great *s of life великие блага жизни (морское) приз;
    трофей;
    захваченное судно или имущество - * of war военные трофеи - * court призовой суд - * proceeding призовое судопроизводство - * crew призовая команда (для высадки на захваченное судно) - naval * law морское призовое право - to make (a) * of захватить в качестве приза - to become (a) * of smb. быть захваченным кем-л. (в качестве приза) захват(ывание) в качестве приза, трофея или добычи > see what a * I have found! вот какое( неожиданное) счастье мне выпало!, вот как мне повезло! призовой, премированный - * essay очерк, удостоенный премии /награды/ - * ox бык-рекордист достойный премии, награды или выигрыша - * idiot (ироничное) патентованный дурак;
    идиот, каких мало назначаемый в качестве премии или награды - * fellowship стипендия, назначенная за отличные успехи высоко ценить, оценивать - to * the affection of one's frends высоко ценить преданность друзей - we * liberty more then life свобода нам дороже жизни - he *s his honour above everything он ставит свою честь превыше всего оценивать (морское) захватывать в качестве приза (диалектизм) рычаг усилие рычага поднимать, передвигать или взламывать с помощью рычага - to * the top of a bottle откупорить бутылку - to * open a box взломать ящик - to * planks apart разворотить доски award a ~ присуждать премию ~ мор. приз;
    трофей, захваченное судно или имущество;
    to become a prize (of) быть захваченным ~ награда, приз, премия;
    the International Lenin Peace Prize Международная Ленинская премия "Яа укрепление мира между народами" lottery ~ лотерейный приз to make (a) ~ of... захватить...;
    to place in prize рассматривать в качестве приза ~ мор. attr. призовой;
    prize proceeding призовое судопроизводство;
    naval prize law морское призовое право offer a ~ предлагать премию to make (a) ~ of... захватить...;
    to place in prize рассматривать в качестве приза ~ attr. прекрасный, достойный награды (тж. ирон.) ~ attr. премированный, удостоенный премии, награды;
    prize poem стихотворение, удостоенное премии;
    prize fellowship стипендия, назначенная за отличные успехи ~ attr. премированный, удостоенный премии, награды;
    prize poem стихотворение, удостоенное премии;
    prize fellowship стипендия, назначенная за отличные успехи ~ attr. премированный, удостоенный премии, награды;
    prize poem стихотворение, удостоенное премии;
    prize fellowship стипендия, назначенная за отличные успехи ~ мор. attr. призовой;
    prize proceeding призовое судопроизводство;
    naval prize law морское призовое право ~ предмет вожделений;
    желанная добыча;
    the prizes of life блага жизни

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > prize

  • 9 prize

    [̈ɪpraɪz]
    award a prize присуждать премию prize мор. приз; трофей, захваченное судно или имущество; to become a prize (of) быть захваченным prize награда, приз, премия; the International Lenin Peace Prize Международная Ленинская премия "Яа укрепление мира между народами" lottery prize лотерейный приз to make (a) prize of... захватить...; to place in prize рассматривать в качестве приза prize мор. attr. призовой; prize proceeding призовое судопроизводство; naval prize law морское призовое право offer a prize предлагать премию to make (a) prize of... захватить...; to place in prize рассматривать в качестве приза prize attr. прекрасный, достойный награды (тж. ирон.) prize attr. премированный, удостоенный премии, награды; prize poem стихотворение, удостоенное премии; prize fellowship стипендия, назначенная за отличные успехи prize attr. премированный, удостоенный премии, награды; prize poem стихотворение, удостоенное премии; prize fellowship стипендия, назначенная за отличные успехи prize attr. премированный, удостоенный премии, награды; prize poem стихотворение, удостоенное премии; prize fellowship стипендия, назначенная за отличные успехи prize мор. attr. призовой; prize proceeding призовое судопроизводство; naval prize law морское призовое право prize предмет вожделений; желанная добыча; the prizes of life блага жизни

    English-Russian short dictionary > prize

  • 10 fellowship

    1. n товарищество, братство; содружество
    2. n корпорация; сообщество
    3. n чувство товарищества, дружеские взаимоотношения

    good fellowship — хорошие отношения; товарищеское чувство

    4. n соучастие, участие
    5. n членство
    6. n звание члена совета
    7. n стипендия аспиранта или младшего научного сотрудника; дотация научному или творческому работнику

    prize fellowship — стипендия, назначенная за отличные успехи

    8. v преим. амер. принять в члены религиозного общества, братства
    9. v преим. амер. стать членом религиозного общества, братства
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. association (noun) alliance; association; brotherhood; club; comradeship; confederation; congress; corporation; federation; fraternity; friendship; gang; guild; league; order; organisation; organization; sodality; union
    2. company (noun) companionship; company; society
    3. endowment (noun) endowment; foundation; grant; honorarium; Rhodes fellowship; scholarship; stipend; subsidy; teaching fellowship
    4. friendly intercourse (noun) affability; camaraderie; communion; friendliness; friendly intercourse; sociability

    English-Russian base dictionary > fellowship

  • 11 prize

    1. n награда, премия, приз
    2. n выигрыш
    3. n предмет желаний, вожделений
    4. n мор. приз; трофей; захваченное судно или имущество

    gained prize — выиграл приз; выигранный приз

    5. n мор. захват в качестве приза, трофея или добычи

    obtained a prize — получил приз; полученный приз

    taken a prize — получал приз; полученный приз

    6. a призовой; премированный

    prize essay — очерк, удостоенный премии

    7. a достойный премии, награды или выигрыша

    prize idiot — патентованный дурак; идиот каких мало

    8. a назначаемый в качестве премии или награды

    prize fellowship — стипендия, назначенная за отличные успехи

    9. v высоко ценить, оценивать
    10. v оценивать
    11. v мор. захватывать в качестве приза
    12. n диал. рычаг
    13. n усилие рычага
    14. v поднимать, передвигать или взламывать с помощью рычага
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. champion (adj.) champion; excellent; outstanding; superior
    2. award (noun) accolade; award; carrot; citation; dividend; endowment; guerdon; honor; honour; laurel; medal; meed; plum; premium; reward
    3. best (noun) best; choice; cream; elite; fat; flower; pick; pride; prime; primrose; top
    4. medallion (noun) medallion; ribbon; trophy
    5. pearl (noun) diamond; gem; jewel; pearl; treasure
    6. spoil (noun) boodle; booty; catch; haul; loot; pelf; pillage; plunder; plunderage; spoil; spoils; swag; take
    7. pry (verb) jimmy; lever; pry
    8. value (verb) appraise; appreciate; apprize; cherish; enjoy; esteem; relish; respect; savour; treasure; value
    Антонимический ряд:
    despise; failure; fine; forfeiture; infamy; loss; mulct; ordinary; penalty; sacrifice

    English-Russian base dictionary > prize

  • 12 prize

    I
    1. [praız] n
    1. награда, премия, приз

    prize list - список награждённых /победителей/

    to win /to take/ a prize - получить приз /награду/

    2. выигрыш (в лотерее, игре)
    3. предмет желаний, вожделений
    4. мор.
    1) приз; трофей; захваченное судно или имущество

    to become (a) prize of smb. - быть захваченным кем-л. (в качестве приза)

    2) захват(ывание) в качестве приза, трофея или добычи

    ♢ see what a prize I have found! - вот какое (неожиданное) счастье мне выпало!, вот как мне повезло!

    2. [praız] a
    1) призовой; премированный

    prize essay [book] - очерк [книга], удостоенный [-ая] премии /награды/

    2) достойный премии, награды или выигрыша

    prize idiot - ирон. патентованный дурак; идиот каких мало

    3) назначаемый в качестве премии или награды

    prize fellowship - стипендия, назначенная за отличные успехи

    3. [praız] v
    1. 1) высоко ценить, оценивать

    to prize the affection of one's friends - высоко ценить преданность друзей

    he prizes his honour above everything - он ставит свою честь превыше всего

    2) оценивать
    2. мор. захватывать в качестве приза
    II
    1. [praız] n
    1. диал. рычаг
    2. усилие рычага
    2. [praız] v
    поднимать, передвигать или взламывать с помощью рычага

    НБАРС > prize

  • 13 prize

    I
    1. noun
    1) награда, приз, премия; the International Lenin Peace Prize Международная Ленинская премия 'За укрепление мира между народами'
    2) выигрыш; находка, неожиданное счастье
    3) предмет вожделений; желанная добыча; the prizes of life блага жизни
    4) (attr.) премированный, удостоенный премии, награды; prize poem стихотворение, удостоенное премии; prize fellowship стипендия, назначенная за отличные успехи
    5) (attr.) прекрасный, достойный награды (тж. ирон.)
    2. verb
    1) высоко ценить
    2) оценивать
    Syn:
    award
    II
    noun naut.
    1) приз; трофей, захваченное судно или имущество; to become a prize (of) быть захваченным; to make (a) prize of... захватить...; to place in prize рассматривать в качестве приза
    2) (attr.) призовой; prize proceeding призовое судопроизводство; naval prize law морское призовое право
    III
    1. noun
    рычаг
    2. verb
    поднимать, взламывать или передвигать посредством рычага (обыкн. prize open, prize up)
    * * *
    (n) награда; премия; приз
    * * *
    вознаграждение, награда, поощрение, премия, приз
    * * *
    [ praɪz] n. награда, премия, приз, выигрыш, находка, неожиданное счастье, предмет вожделений, трофей, желанная добыча, захваченное судно, захваченное имущество, рычаг v. высоко ценить, оценивать adj. призовой, премированный, удостоенный награды
    * * *
    вознаграждение
    выбивать
    выигрыш
    мзда
    награда
    награды
    находка
    оценивать
    поднимать
    премия
    приз
    трофей
    * * *
    I 1. сущ. 1) вознаграждение, награда 2) выигрыш 2. прил. 1) призовой 2) назначаемый в качестве премии или награды 3. гл. 1) высоко ценить, оценивать (по достоинству) 2) оценивать, производить оценку, устанавливать истинную цену II сущ.; мор. приз; захваченное судно/имущество; трофей прям. и перен.. III 1. сущ. 1) рычаг 2) действие рычага, подъем с помощью рычага 2. гл. 1) 2) перен. выбивать, получать с трудом. ( информацию)

    Новый англо-русский словарь > prize

  • 14 fellowship\ prize

    jutalomként odaítélt ösztöndíj, ösztöndíj

    English-Hungarian dictionary > fellowship\ prize

  • 15 dissertation fellowship

    амер. стипендия на время написания диссертации

    prize fellowship — стипендия, назначенная за отличные успехи

    English-Russian base dictionary > dissertation fellowship

  • 16 travelling fellowship

    prize fellowship — стипендия, назначенная за отличные успехи

    English-Russian base dictionary > travelling fellowship

  • 17 Schawlow, Arthur Leonard

    [br]
    b. 5 May 1921 Mount Vernon, New York, USA
    [br]
    American physicist involved in laser-spectroscopy research.
    [br]
    When Arthur L.Schawlow was 3 years old his family moved to Canada: it was in Toronto that he received his education, graduating from the University of Toronto with a BA in physics in 1941. He was awarded an MA in 1942, taught classes for military personnel at the University until 1944 and worked for a year on radar equipment. He returned to the University of Toronto in 1945 to carry out research on optical spectroscopy and received his PhD in 1949. From 1949 to 1951 he held a postgraduate fellowship at Columbia University, where he worked with Charles H. Townes on microwave spectroscopy. From 1951 to 1961 he was a research physicist at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, working mainly on superconductivity, but he maintained his association with Townes, who had pioneered the maser (an acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). In a paper published in Physical Review in December 1958, Townes and Schawlow suggested the possibility of a development into optical frequencies or an optical maser, later known as a laser (an acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). In 1960 the first such device was made by Theodore H. Maiman. In 1960 Schawlow returned to Columbia University as a visiting professor and in the following year was appointed Professor of Physics at Stanford University, where he continued his researches in laser spectroscopy. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics 1981. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1962. Institute of Physics of London Thomas Young Medal and Prize 1963. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Memorial Prize 1964. Optical Society of America Frederick Ives Medal 1976. Honorary degrees from the State University of Ghent, the University of Bradford and the University of Toronto.
    Bibliography
    Schawlow is the author of many scientific papers and, with Charles H.Townes, of
    Microwave Spectroscopy (1955).
    Further Reading
    T.Wasson (ed.), 1987, Nobel Prize Winners, New York, pp. 930–3 (contains a short biography).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Schawlow, Arthur Leonard

  • 18 Monro, Philip Peter

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 27 May 1946 London, England
    [br]
    English biologist, inventor of a water-purification process by osmosis.
    [br]
    Monro's whole family background is engineering, an interest he did not share. Instead, he preferred biology, an enthusiasm aroused by reading the celebrated Science of Life by H.G. and G.P.Wells and Julian Huxley. Educated at a London comprehensive school, Monro found it necessary to attend evening classes while at school to take his advanced level science examinations. Lacking parental support, he could not pursue a degree course until he was 21 years old, and so he gained valuable practical experience as a research technician. He resumed his studies and took a zoology degree at Portsmouth Polytechnic. He then worked in a range of zoology and medical laboratories, culminating after twelve years as a Senior Experimental Officer at Southampton Medical School. In 1989 he relinquished his post to devote himself fall time to developing his inventions as Managing Director of Hampshire Advisory and Technical Services Ltd (HATS). Also in 1988 he obtained his PhD from Southampton University, in the field of embryology.
    Monro had meanwhile been demonstrating a talent for invention, mainly in microscopy. His most important invention, however, is of a water-purification system. The idea for it came from Michael Wilson of the Institute of Dental Surgery in London, who evolved a technique for osmotic production of sterile oral rehydration solutions, of particular use in treating infants suffering from diarrhoea in third-world countries. Monro broadened the original concept to include dried food, intravenous solutions and even dried blood. The process uses simple equipment and no external power and works as follows: a dry sugar/salts mixture is sealed in one compartment of a double bag, the common wall of which is a semipermeable membrane. Impure water is placed in the empty compartment and the water transfers across the membrane by the osmotic force of the sugar/salts. As the pores in the membrane exclude all viruses, bacteria and their toxins, a sterile solution is produced.
    With the help of a research fellowship granted for humanitarian reasons at King Alfred College, Winchester, the invention was developed to functional prototype stage in 1993, with worldwide patent protection. Commercial production was expected to follow, if sufficient financial backing were forthcoming. The process is not intended to replace large installations, but will revolutionize the small-scale production of sterile water in scattered third-world communities and in disaster areas where normal services have been disrupted.
    HATS was awarded First Prize in the small business category and was overall prize winner in the Toshiba Year of Invention, received a NatWest/BP award for technology and a Prince of Wales Award for Innovation.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1993, with M.Wilson and W.A.M.Cutting, "Osmotic production of sterile oral rehydration solutions", Tropical Doctor 23:69–72.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Monro, Philip Peter

  • 19 Clarke, Arthur Charles

    [br]
    b. 16 December 1917 Minehead, Somerset, England
    [br]
    English writer of science fiction who correctly predicted the use of geo-stationary earth satellites for worldwide communications.
    [br]
    Whilst still at Huish's Grammar School, Taunton, Clarke became interested in both space science and science fiction. Unable to afford a scientific education at the time (he later obtained a BSc at King's College, London), he pursued both interests in his spare time while working in the Government Exchequer and Audit Department between 1936 and 1941. He was a founder member of the British Interplanetary Society, subsequently serving as its Chairman in 1946–7 and 1950–3. From 1941 to 1945 he served in the Royal Air Force, becoming a technical officer in the first GCA (Ground Controlled Approach) radar unit. There he began to produce the first of many science-fiction stories. In 1949–50 he was an assistant editor of Science Abstracts at the Institution of Electrical Engineers.
    As a result of his two interests, he realized during the Second World War that an artificial earth satellite in an equatorial orbital with a radius of 35,000 km (22,000 miles) would appear to be stationary, and that three such geo-stationary, or synchronous, satellites could be used for worldwide broadcast or communications. He described these ideas in a paper published in Wireless World in 1945. Initially there was little response, but within a few years the idea was taken up by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration and in 1965 the first synchronous satellite, Early Bird, was launched into orbit.
    In the 1950s he moved to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to pursue an interest in underwater exploration, but he continued to write science fiction, being known in particular for his contribution to the making of the classic Stanley Kubrick science-fiction film 2001: A Space Odyssey, based on his book of the same title.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Clarke received many honours for both his scientific and science-fiction writings. For his satellite communication ideas his awards include the Franklin Institute Gold Medal 1963 and Honorary Fellowship of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1976. For his science-fiction writing he received the UNESCO Kalinga Prize (1961) and many others. In 1979 he became Chancellor of Moratuwa University in Sri Lanka and in 1980 Vikran Scrabhai Professor at the Physical Research Laboratory of the University of Ahmedabad.
    Bibliography
    1945. "Extra-terrestrial relays: can rocket stations give world wide coverage?", Wireless World L1: 305 (puts forward his ideas for geo-stationary communication satellites).
    1946. "Astronomical radar: some future possibilities", Wireless World 52:321.
    1948, "Electronics and space flight", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 7:49. Other publications, mainly science-fiction novels, include: 1955, Earthlight, 1956, The
    Coast of Coral; 1958, Voice Across the Sea; 1961, Fall of Moondust; 1965, Voices
    from the Sky, 1977, The View from Serendip; 1979, Fountain of Paradise; 1984, Ascent to Orbit: A Scientific Autobiography, and 1984, 2010: Odyssey Two (a sequel to 2001: A Space Odyssey that was also made into a film).
    Further Reading
    1986, Encyclopaedia Britannica.
    1991, Who's Who, London: A. \& C.Black.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Clarke, Arthur Charles

  • 20 Stephenson, George

    [br]
    b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England
    [br]
    English engineer, "the father of railways".
    [br]
    George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.
    In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.
    In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.
    It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.
    During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.
    In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.
    On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.
    At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.
    In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.
    The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.
    Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.
    Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.
    Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.
    He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.
    Bibliography
    1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).
    1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).
    S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, George

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